Ayurveda

O Ayurvedi


Ayurveda - drevna medicina Indije

 

Pregled

Ayurvedska medicina također se naziva Ayurveda. To je sistem liječenja koji je nastao u Indiji prije nekoliko tisuća godina. Izraz Ayurveda kombinira dvije sanskrtske riječi: ayur, koja znači život, i veda, koja znači znanost ili znanje. Tako, Ayurveda znači 'znanost o životu'.

 

Ayurveda je cjeloviti sistem liječenja koji radi na uravnoteženju tijela, uma i duha (stoga se zove holistički, cjeloviti sistem liječenja). Za postizanje optimalnog zdravlja neophodna je ova ravnoteža. Ayurveda također pruža tretmane za razne zdravstvene probleme. Glavni cilj Ayurvede je čišćenje tijela od tvari koje su zapravo uzrok bolesti. To pomaže ponovno uspostavljanje harmonije i ravnoteže neophodne za optimalno zdravlje.

 

Ayurveda je dugo vremena glavi oblik zdravstvene njege u Indiji. Oko 70% stanovništva Indije živi u ruralnim oblastima; oko dvije trećine ruralnog stanovništva koristi Ayurvedu i biljke da bi zadovoljili svoje zdravstvene potrebe. Osim toga, većina velikih gradova u Indiji ima ayurvedska sveučilišta i bolnice. U Indiji ima 587536 registriranih ayurvedskih praktikanata, 2860 bolnica koje pružaju ayurvedsku medicinsku skrb i 22100 ambulanta tradicionalne medicine. Ovo omogućuje oko pola milijarde ljudi u Indiji da se osloni isključivo na Ayurvedu. 

 

Ayurveda i njene varijacije stoljećima se prakticiraju u Pakistanu, Nepalu, Bangladeshu, Sri Lanki i Tibetu. Profesionalna praksa Ayurvede počela se razvijati u drugoj polovici 20-tog stoljeća.

 

Profesionalno obrazovanje

Postoje razni oblici obuke za praktikante Ayurvede. Neki imaju znanje zapadne tradicije (kao što su pohađanje medicinske škole) te naknadno studiraju Ayurvedu. Neki su studirali prirodnu medicinu ili prije ili poslije upoznavanja s Ayurvedom. Mnogi studiraju u Indiji gdje ima preko 150 studija i preko 30 postdiplomskih studija Ayurvede. Ova obuka može trajati do 5 godina.

 

Oslanjanje na biljke

 

 

Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (WHO), preko 80% svjetskog stanovništva oslanja se na tradicionalnu biljnu medicinu kao primarnu zdravstvenu njegu.

 

U Ayurvedi, razlika između hrane i lijekova nije tako jasno utvrđena kao u zapadnoj medicini. Hrana i prehrana su važni dijelovi ayurvedske prakse, stoga se Ayurveda umnogome oslanja na biljke, ulja (sezamovo ulje), začine (kao što je kurkuma), i druge prirodne suspstance. Trenutno je u ayurvdske 'farmaceutske' tretmane uključeno oko 5000 proizvoda. Povijesno, biljne tvari grupirane su prema njihovom djelovanju. Te se tvari opisuju u mnogim tekstovima medicinskih agencija u Indiji. Ovo su primjeri često korištenih biljaka:

  • Kurkuma začin koristi se za razne bolesti i stanja, koji uključuju reumatodni artritis, Alzheimerovu bolest, i iscijeljene rana.
  • Ekstrakt smole tropskog grma (Commiphora mukul, tj. guggul) koristi se za razne bolesti. Nedavno, obavljena su ispitivanja o utjecaju na snižavanju nivoa kolesterola.
  • Esencijalno ulje od bazilikuma koristi se za liječenje depresije i mentalnog stresa.

Indija ima 16 agro-klimatskih zona, 45000 raznih biljnih vrsta, i 15000 ljekovitih biljaka. Indijski sistemi medicine identificirali su 1500 ljekovitih biljaka, od kojih se njih 500 pretežno koristi u izradi lijekova.

 

Regulacija

Vlada Indije prepoznala je vrijednost Ayurvede i joge.  Prvi korak o odavanju ovog priznanja bio je osnivanja Središnje vijeća indijske medicine 1970. godine. Glavni ciljevi ovog vijeća su:

  • standardizacija obrazovanja putem propisivanja minimalnog standarda obrazovanja u tradicionalnoj medicini, iako ne svi tradicionalni praktikanti i homeopati moraju biti institucionalno obučeni;
  • savjetovanje središne vlade glede priznavanja/ opoziva liječničkih kvalifikacija u tradicionalnoj medicini u Indiji;
  • održavanje središnjeg registra indijske medicine, revizija registra od vremena do vremena, prepisivanje standarda profesionalnog ponašanja kojih bi se praktikanti Ayurvede u Indiji trebali pridržavati. Svi praktikanti tradicionalne medicine i homeopati moraju biti registrirani.

Indijska vlada teži aktivnom i pozitivnom pristupu tradicionalnoj medicini u nacionalnim znanstvenim programima, obiteljskim programima i programima osnovne zdravstvene njege.

 

Izvor: Department of Ayurveda, Government of India

  • Divine origin of Ayurveda from Lord Brahma - Dates back to origin of human race
  • Mention of various references on Health, Diseases and Medicinal Plants in Rig-veda and Atharv-veda - 5000 BC
  • Origin of Attreya and Dhanwantari School of Ayurveda -1000 BC
  • Documentation of Charaka Samhita - 600 BC
  • Documentation of Sushruta Samhita-  500 BC
  • Advent of Muslim Rulers and start of the Decline of Ayurveda - 1100 to 1800 
  • Resurrection of Ayurvedic system of Medicine under the rule of Peshwas. - 1800 AD
  • Classes in Ayurvedic medicine opened in Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta - 1827
  • Discontinuation of classes in Government Sanskrit College by British - 1833
  • Dr. Komar Commission (one-man commission) to make investigation in indigenous system of medicine - 1917
  • Indian National Congress Convention at Nagpur recommended acceptance of Ayurvedic  system of medicine as India's National Health Care System - 1920
  • Mahatma Gandhi inaugurated Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College in Delhi - 1921
  • Mahamana Madan Mohan Malviya established Ayurveda college in B. H.U., Varanasi - 1927
  • Enforcement of Drugs and Cosmetics Act for Ayurvedic/Siddha/Unani medicines - 1940
  • Bhora Committee or Health Survey and Development Committee recognised past services of indigenous medicines but failed to recommend for its further development. - 1943
  • Chopra Committee recommended systems of old and modern systems of medicines to evolve a common system of medicine. - 1946
  • Pharmaceutical Enquiry Committee headed by Dr. Bhatia, for intensive research in indigenous drugs of Ayurveda. - 1953
  • Recommendation of Dave Committee for uniform standards of Ayurveda education - 1955
  • Establishment of Institute of Post-Graduate Training and Research in Gujarat Ayurvedic University, Jamnagar, Gujarat - 1956 to 1957
  • Udupa Committee set up. It recommended that there is a need for integrated system of medicine and a training course in Siddha and Ayurveda - 1958
  • Establishment of Post Graduate Institute of Ayurveda at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh - 1963 to 1964
  • Amendment of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 for Indian systems of medicines/drugs - 1964
  • Establishment of Central Board of Siddha and Ayurvedic Education - 1964 to 1965
  • Setting up of an apex Research Body for Indian medicine & Homoeopathy, 'Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy (CCRIMH)' - 1969
  • Establishment of Pharmacopoeia Laboratory for Indian medicine, Ghaziabad, U.P. - 1970
  • Constitution of Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) under IMCC Act - 1970
  • Establishment of National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan - 1972 to 1973 
  • Publication of Part-I of Ayurvedic formulary containing 444 preparations - 1976
  • Establishment of Central Council of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) - 1978
  • Passing of Amended Drugs and Cosmetics Act regulating import/export of Indian Systems of Medicine - 1982
  • Setting up of Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd. in Mohan, Almora Distt., Uttaranchal. - 1983
  • Silver Jubilee function of Jawaharlal Nehru Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants Garden and Harbarium, Pune. Inaugurated by Shri R. Venkataraman, Vice-president of India . - 1986
  • Second World Conference on Yoga & Ayurveda held at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh - 1986 
  • Foundation stone of Jawaharlal Nehru Anusandhan Bhawan, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi by Hon'ble Vice President of India, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma - 1988 
  • Establishment of National Academy of Ayurveda (Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth) - 1989
  • Creation of separate Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy in Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India - 1995
  • Introduction of Extra mural Research Programme for accredited organizations with central assistance - 1996
  • Implementation of Central Scheme in 33 organizations for development of agro-techniques of important medicinal plants - 1997
  • Maiden participation of Ayurveda alongwith other systems in India International Trade Fair - 1998
  • Implementation of Central Scheme in 32 laboratories for developing pharmacopoeial standards of Medicinal Plants/ ISM Formualations - 1998
  • Establishment of specialty clinic of Ayurveda in Central Govt. Hospital (Safdarjung Hospital) New Delhi - 1998
  • Implementation of IEC( Information, Education & Communication) Scheme for NGOs for propagation and popularization of Ayurveda & other systems - 1998 to 1999
  • Participation in Mystique India ( Exhibition cum fair on Indian Traditions) - 1997 to 1999
  • Introduction of Vanaspati Van Scheme for large scale cultivation of Medicinal Plants - 1999
  • Inauguration of Ayurveda conference at Newyork, USA by Hon'ble Prime Minister of India Sh. Atal Bihari Vajpayee - 2000
  • Gazette Notification for constitution of Medicinal Plant Board under the Deptt. of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy - 2000
  • Publication of 2nd volume of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia - 2000
  • Introduction 7 of Ayurvedic Medicines in RCH Programme - 2000
  • Constitution of Advisory group for research in Ayurveda - 2000
  • Policy Decision on mainstreaming of Ayurveda in RCH programme as per National Population Policy - 2000
  • Implementation of Central Scheme of assistance for strengthening of State Drug Testing Laborites and Pharmacies - 2000 to 2001
  • Publication of 3rd volume of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia - 2001
  • Publication of English edition of 2nd volume of Ayurvedic Formulary of India - 2001
  • Maiden participation of ISM tableau on Republic Day - 2001
  • Exhibition and presentation of Ayurveda during World Health Assembly, Geneva - 2001
  • Presentation on evidence based support by Deptt. of ISM&H before House of Lords, U.K. against Sir Walton Committee's Report on status and nomenclature of Ayurveda among Complementary and Alternative systems of Medicine - 2001
  • Participation of Dept. in "Made in India" exhibition organized by CII in South Africa - 2001